Addictions Proactive Management: When to do What?
Introduction
Going through Kiingati (2022), on addictions, mission and social transformative agenda, gives us the definition of addiction and its components. It then goes on to discuss the types of addictions namely behavioural and substance abuse related. After that it enumerates and discusses the common types of drug abuse, the causes, as well as drug addiction and specialized groups.
The paper goes on to shed light on risk and protective factors relating to addictions, effects of addictions on mission and on social transformative agenda. Towards its completion, the paper dwells on interventions: pharmacological, psycho-social and behavioural. In the end it gives suggestions on the way forward on mission and social transformative agenda before proposing an intervention model.
Acknowledging the challenges in terms of costs (Mogaka, et al., 2021) and the high probabilities of relapse (“The relapse rate was 50% for cannabis, 33% for alcohol and 65% for harder drugs such as cocaine and heroin (Kuyeya, 2021. p. 5) among persons living with addictions, this study chooses to focus on the proactive management of addictions based on the premise that this is a gradual developmental disease. Largely, the paper addresses the “When to do What”, in line with the different decades of human growth as a way to deal with the addiction’s elusive yet luring trajectory. The paper hypothesizes that lack of proper negotiation of one’s childhood (0-10 years), adolescence (11-19 years), and emerging adulthood (20-29 years), contributes to an addiction pathway. Also, lack of prompt identification and correction of an individual’s deviation from the proper pathway, contributes towards addictions; thus the significant role of parenting styles (Sangawi, Adams, & Reissland, 2015; Gatune, 2020). In adulthood, negotiation of young adulthood (30-39 years), middle adulthood (40-49 years) and late adulthood (50-59 years), also influence how one positively deals with addictions. It is assumed that in young adulthood, the problem of addictions has already been exposed. The after years: early old age (60-69 years), middle old age (70-79 years) and late old age (80 years and above), see the addict (if alive), easily sink into depression (Kiingati, 2023), coupled with what Ólafsdóttir, Orjasniemi, & Hrafnsdóttir (2020) refer to as neglect from the one time significant others. What then are the life stages based on the decades, and what is their relation to addictive tendencies or avoidances? Before embarking on the discussion of each decade, the study first elucidates on virtues and vices that relate to addictions and in general, human wellness.
Virtues and Vices:
As we travel through life’s pathways, we carry with us virtues and vices that inform our character strengths (Park, Barton, & Pillay, 2017). Peterson and Seligman single out “wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence (quoted in Park, Barton, & Pillay, 2017, p.5).
The dichotomies, to a limited degree, result from nature (inheritance) and nurture (upbringing); “nature and nurture (…) shape developmental pathways and out-comes, from health to behavior [and] to competence” (Keating, 2011, p. 1). This means that parents play a distinct role in contributing to the pathways that the individual undertakes, thus the significance of the first years of life leading to the questions: What behaviour trait is prevalent around the environment of the growing child and how does it relate to addictive behaviour? Which of these behaviour traits are positively and/or negatively reinforced (Bandura’s Social learning Theory & Social Cognitive Learning Theory, cf Nabavi, & Bijandi, 2023)?
The more the reflection on the importance of nurture, the more significant parenting becomes, in informing addictive traits and thus in influencing and forming generations (Sangawi, Adams & Reissland, 2015; Gatune, 2020). Then what happens and what needs to be factored in, in each of the subsequent decades after birth, and how does each of these phenomena relate to addictive traits?
- The first decade (0-9) is mainly spent under the care of primary caregivers (mother or nanny), as the virtues and vices from these caregivers, are inculcated and made part of the growing lives. At this age, “communication set up between parent and child [is meant to] lead[s] to healthy interpersonal attunement that serves [the] developmental progress” of the child (Katzman, 2020, p. 23).
While Erikson in this first decade dwells on four psycho-social stages of human development, Freud (Cherry, 2016) brings forth the stages of oral (birth to 1year), anal (1-3 years), phallic (3-6years), and finally puberty (6 years and above). Freud lays focus on psycho-sexual development where in the first stage (oral/mouth; Birth-1), the infant develops a sense of trust and comfort through oral stimulation. Through this, the child becomes independent. The contrary is fixation where the infant develops dependency and aggression that may lead to problems of drinking, eating, smoking and nail-biting.
- In the second life’s decade (10-19), the encountered questions emanate from interactions with peers. In this decade, to be is to belong. These encounters, are on the one hand, influenced by neighbourhoods, the play groups in which the adolescents find themselves, and the learning institutions that these teenagers attend; all courtesy of the decisions of the primary caregivers (Gatune, 2020).
In addition to the conformity, teens may find themselves exploring earlier un-thought grounds of sexual practices, and even substances. With the minds not having acquired full maturity to allow them make informed decisions, the wave towards conformity may be overwhelming (Wouter, 2024). These young minds, if adequately kept busy, and based on the strength of their character strengths, may have limited times to express their real selves within the well-structured daily engagements of the formal learning institutions.
- In the third decade (20-29) (others such as Arnett et al., (2014) age it at between 18 and 29), also called emerging adulthood (Nelson, 2020), individual’s true self emerges, “identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and possibilities /optimism” (p. 2), making this decade “rich, complex, [and] dynamic” (Arnett, 2000, p.477; Arnett, 2013). Also in this decade, actions move from one-time actions, to behaviour and to character, as expressed by Kohlberg (Berghout, n.d.) One is meant to develop principled conscience, as well as universal ethical principles: integrity, principles no matter the cost, make choices that are grounded on genuine moral interest and well-being for others.
In this decade, Erikson (McLeod, 2024) addresses intimacy versus isolation. While he notes that this stage could range from 18 to 40 years, this paper chooses to focus on the third decade only, in order to keep the flow of discussing decade by decade. In this decade, one is concerned with forming intimate, loving relationships with others. This may mean permanent commitment to either marriage (O’Reggio, 2012) or celibacy (Schneiders, n.d.; Knauss, 2017). This commitment calls for personal sacrifice, without which one could fall prey to the addiction pathway. The success of the commitment is often linked to the solid base of one’s character strength.
This write up looks at this third decade, as important in choosing and starting to construct the tunnel, based on one’s earlier acquired virtues and subsequent strength of character. This refers to the types and sizes of bricks, as well as the colour and texture. Proper foundation has to be set, failure to which, one is set for rude shocks in adulthood. In the words of Nelson (2020), this decade “is distinct because they [the emerging adults] think the third decade of life affords them the opportunity to do things that no other period in life will afford them” (p. 180).
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In the fourth decade (30-39), key questions emerge. Is the individual satisfied with what they chose to be? Is the individual happy (at ease) or not (regret). Either of the two, the individual has to remain with their earlier made choices, for life: not get bored, push it to the best of what one can be in the area; adopt demands, and do damage control. Erikson (McLeod, 2024), looks at this stage together with that of the previous decade.
For those who may have chosen careers/professions influenced by their parents’ choices, with lessened parental influence, one may experience an impasse and disillusionment (Dorot & Davidovitch, 2023). With increased competitiveness in the professional fields, one may start coming up against major life hurdles set by those whose talents/intelligences are aligned to the said fields (cf multiple intelligences by Howard Gardner); one hardly becomes a gold medalist while running the wrong race.
On a more positive note, there are individuals who in this decade find it possible and prudent to shift from their earlier chosen professions, add some portions that colour/discolour these professions differently, or even subtract from some of the professions intensities (Anderson, Goodman & Shlossberg, 2012; Agi & Fiddo, 2018). The process of change however, may be quite expensive in terms of resources and time.
- As said of the fifth decade (40-49 years), indeed life begins at forty (Jackson, 2020). At forty, scales fall of one’s eyes to the level that one can no more live in a facade. Illusions diffuse like mist in the presence of the sun, and the clarity of sight is clear. If one is in the dark, they are sure of their location, and so it is for those that are in the pathway towards the light. While those on the pathway towards success may still be victims to catastrophic phenomena, their chances of not being successful, ceteris peribus, are given.
In this decade, there are pointers to the need to start slowing down. Nevertheless, Erikson reminds the readers on the importance of generativity (finding life’s work and worth and contributing to development through parenting, volunteering, and even mentoring (McLeod, 2024)). Lack of achievement in the area of generativity, leaves one with feelings of being unproductive, wasted life, and lack of meaningful legacy.
- The sixth decade (50-59) is indeed past the half a century mark: It is at times interesting how persons in this age, may find their minds defying that they are ageing (Mari, Alves, de Castro Aerts, & Camara, 2016), while those that are younger, will with ease refer to them as “very old” (Teater, 2018). Irrespective of what the society says, it is evidently a decade when one has to turn the mirror towards the self (Ubanatu, 2023), or else, face an early life exit. What is it that you desired to accomplish in life, that is still pending, yet is in your capacity to realise?
Reality is meant to have hit one as life began at forty.
For the previous decade, one is meant to have put their life in order, knowing all too well that numbers do not lie.
One ought to have taken drastic measures to cement their base, before the start of the dwindling of the energies in the celebration of half a century of existence.
If that was not done, the damage caused may only call for mitigation and survival.
Conclusion
There are many studies on addictions dealing with the definitions, types, causes, effects and even interventions (Kiingati, 2022). Nevertheless, a semi-systematic literature search, did not point to empirical studies dealing with the contribution of human development to addictions. While the study chose to address decade by decade, it did incorporate lessons from Erikson (McLeod, 2024), Freud (Cherry, 2016), Piaget (Babakr, Mohamedamin & Kakamad, 2019) and even Kohlberg (Berghout, n.d.).
The exploration on each of these stages, point to the first three decades; 0-10; 11-19; and 20-29, as significant in determining one’s entry into addictions. When the subsequent decades are not negotiated adequately, individuals struggling with addictions, may go even deeper into the dependency. The acquisition of negative character traits, not only facilitate entry into addictions, but also sustain the practice. This therefore, presents a hypothesis that preventive measures brought about by awareness on the part of the primary caregivers, and on the self (youth and young adult), are needed. A more deliberate address of character formation (Peterson & Seligman, 2004), would allow individuals and society, to make strides towards managing addictions. These proactive measures, are also less expensive in terms of time and financial resources, compared to the curative interventions. The study therefore, appeals towards the carrying out of empirical researches towards the co-relation between character formation and addictions. Meanwhile, parents are invited to be more deliberate on matters character formation, as a way to negatively reinforce tendencies towards addictions.
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